The Java Development Kit (JDK), officially named 'Java Platform Standard Edition' or 'Java SE', is needed for writing and running Java programs.

Currently, the OpenJDK developed by Oracle and the Java community (@ https://openjdk.java.net/) provides a free and open-source JDK official reference implementation.

This article is based on the Oracle JDK (@ https://www.oracle.com/java/) (due to legacy), which is free for personal and development use but no longer free for commercial use.

JDK Versions

Reference: 'Java Version History' @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history.

JDK Alpha and Beta (1995): Sun Microsystem announced Java in September 23, 1995.
JDK 1.0 (January 1996): Originally called Oak (named after the oak tree outside James Gosling's office). Renamed to Java 1 in JDK 1.0.2.
JDK 1.1 (February 1997): Introduced AWT event model, inner class, JavaBean, JDBC, and RMI.
J2SE 1.2 (JDK 1.2) (December 1998): Re-branded as 'Java 2' and renamed JDK to J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition). Also released J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition). Included JFC (Java Foundation Classes - Swing, Accessibility API, Java 2D, Pluggable Look & Feel, and Drag & Drop). Also introduced Collection Framework and JIT compiler.
J2SE 1.3 (JDK 1.3) (May 2000): Introduced Hotspot JVM.
J2SE 1.4 (JDK 1.4) (February 2002): Introduced assert statement, non-blocking IO (nio), logging API, image IO, Java webstart, regular expression (regex) support.
J2SE 5.0 (JDK 5) (September 2004): Officially called 5.0 instead of 1.5 (by dropping the 1.). Introduced generics, autoboxing/unboxing, annotation, enum, varargs, for-each loop, static import. See 'JDK 5 New Features'.
Java SE 6 (JDK 6) (December 2006): Renamed J2SE to Java SE (Java Platform Standard Edition). No new language features. See 'JDK 6 New Features'.
Java SE 7 (JDK 7) (July 2011): First version after Oracle purchased Sun Microsystem - aslo called OracleJDK. Introduced Strings in switch statement, Binary integer literals, allowing underscores in numeric literals, improved type inference for generic instance creation (or diamond operator <>), Catching multiple exception types and rethrowing exceptions with improved type checking. See 'JDK 7 New Features'.
Java SE 8 LTS (JDK 8) (March 2014): Included support for Lambda expressions, default and static methods in interfaces, improved collection, and JavaScript runtime. Also integrated JavaFX graphics subsystem. See 'JDK 8 New Features'.
Java SE 9 (JDK 9) (September 21, 2017): Introduced modularization of the JDK (module) under project Jigsaw, the Java Shell (jshell), and more. See 'JDK 9 New Features'.
Java SE 10 (18.3) (JDK 10) (March 2018): Introduced var for type inference local variable (similar to JavaScript). Introduced time-based release versioning with two releases each year, in March and September, denoted as YY.M. Removed native-header generation tool javah. See 'JDK 10 New Features'.
Java SE 11 LTS (18.9) (JDK 11) (September 2018): Extended var to lambda expression. Standardize HTTP client in java.net.http. Support TLS 1.3. Clean up the JDK and the installation package (removed JavaFX, JavaEE, CORBA modules, deprecated Nashorn JavaScript engine). OracleJDK is no longer free for commercial use, but OpenJDK is still free. See 'JDK 11 New Features'.
Java SE 12 (19.3) (JDK 12) (March 2019): Switch Expression (preview). See 'JDK 12 New Features'.
Java SE 13 (19.9) (JDK 13) (September 2019): Switch Expression (preview), Multi-line Text Block (preview). See 'JDK 13 New Features'.
Java SE 14 (20.3) (JDK 14) (March 2020): Records (preview)
Java SE 15 LTS (20.9) (JDK 15) (September 2020):

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'JDK' or 'JRE'?

JRE (Java Runtime), which include a Java Virtual Machine and core libraries, is needed for running Java programs. JDK (Java Development Kit), which includes JRE plus the development tools (such as compiler and debugger), is need for writing as well as running Java programs. In other words, JRE is a subset of JDK. Since you are supposed to write Java Programs instead of merely running Java programs, you should install JDK, which includes JRE.

How To Install JDK on Windows

Step 0: Un-Install Older Version(s) of JDK/JRE

I recommend that you install only the latest JDK. Although you can install multiple versions of JDK/JRE concurrently, it is messy.

If you have previously installed older version(s) of JDK/JRE, un-install ALL of them. Goto 'Control Panel' ⇒ (optional) 'Programs' ⇒ 'Programs and Features' ⇒ Un-install ALL programs begin with 'Java', such as 'Java SE Development Kit ..', 'Java SE Runtime ..', 'Java X Update ..', and etc.

Step 1: Download JDK

Goto JDK (or Java SE) download site @ https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-downloads.html.
Under 'Oracle JDK', click 'JDK Download'.
Download the 'Windows x64 Installer' (e.g., 'jdk-15.0.{x}_windows-x64_bin.exe' - about 159MB), where {x} is a fast changing update number.

Step 2: Install JDK

Run the downloaded installer. Accept the defaults and follow the screen instructions to complete the installation. By default, JDK is installed in directory 'C:Program FilesJavajdk-15.0.{x}', where {x} denotes the update number.

Launch 'File Explorer'. Navigate to 'C:Program FilesJava' to inspect the directories. Take note of your JDK Installed Directoryjdk-15.0.{x}, in particular, the update number {x} which you will need in the next step.

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I shall refer to the JDK Installed Directory as <JAVA_HOME>, hereafter, in this article (corresponding to environment variable %JAVA_HOME% in Windows or $JAVA_HOME in Unix/macOS).

Step 3: (SKIP for JDK 15) Include JDK's 'bin' Directory in the PATH

Windows' Command Prompt (CMD) searches the current directory and the directories listed in the PATHenvironment variable for executable programs.

JDK's programs (such as Java compiler 'javac.exe' and Java runtime 'java.exe') reside in the sub-directory 'bin' of the JDK installed directory. JDK's 'bin' needs to be added into the PATH.

Prior to J

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